Adenopathy due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Gehrke T et al: Tuberculosis in the head and neck: changing trends and age-related patterns. Laryngoscope. ePub, 2021
Seo YJ et al: Causes of necrotic features in fine-needle aspirates from cervical lymph nodes. J Pathol Transl Med. 55(1):60-7, 2021
Hashmi AA et al: Utility of fine needle aspiration cytology in the evaluation of lymphadenopathy. Cureus. 12(12):e11990, 2020
Raja R et al: GeneXpert assay - a cutting-edge tool for rapid tissue diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 21:100204, 2020
Qian X et al: Head and neck tuberculosis: literature review and meta-analysis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 116S:S78-88, 2019
Białek EJ et al: Mistakes in ultrasound diagnosis of superficial lymph nodes. J Ultrason. 17(68):59-65, 2017
Liu Q et al: Performance of interferon-γ release assay in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis: a meta-analysis. PeerJ. 5:e3136, 2017
Azghay M et al: Utility of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay in adult, pulmonary and extrapulmonary, active tuberculosis diagnosis. Int J Infect Dis. 44:25-30, 2016
Oishi M et al: Clinical study of extrapulmonary head and neck tuberculosis: a single-institute 10-year experience. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 20(1):30-3, 2016
Omura S et al: A clinical review of 38 cases of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis in Japan - the role of neck dissection. Auris Nasus Larynx. 43(6):672-6, 2016
Eisenmenger LB et al: Imaging of head and neck lymph nodes. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(1):115-32, 2015
Namale PE et al: Paradoxical TB-IRIS in HIV-infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Microbiol. 10(6):1077-99, 2015
Baek HJ et al: Diagnostic accuracy of the clinical and CT findings for differentiating Kikuchi's disease and tuberculous lymphadenitis presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy. Jpn J Radiol. 32(11):637-43, 2014
Vorster M et al: Advances in imaging of tuberculosis: the role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET and PET/CT. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 20(3):287-93, 2014
Iguchi H et al: Clinical analysis of 21 cases of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis without active pulmonary lesion. Acta Otolaryngol. 133(9):977-83, 2013
Sathekge M et al: FDG-PET imaging in HIV infection and tuberculosis. Semin Nucl Med. 43(5):349-66, 2013
Sathekge M et al: Tuberculous lymphadenitis: FDG PET and CT findings in responsive and nonresponsive disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 39(7):1184-90, 2012
Sathekge M et al: Use of 18F-FDG PET to predict response to first-line tuberculostatics in HIV-associated tuberculosis. J Nucl Med. 52(6):880-5, 2011
Choi EC et al: Case report. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis mimicking metastatic lymph nodes from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 82(982):e208-11, 2009
Papadopouli E et al: Cervical lymphadenopathy in childhood epidemiology and management. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 26(6):454-60, 2009
Wang WC et al: Tuberculosis of the head and neck: a review of 20 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 107(3):381-6, 2009
Archontaki M et al: Intraparotid lymph node tuberculosis. B-ENT. 4(1):35-7, 2008
Roberts DS et al: Cervical tuberculosis: a decision tree for protecting healthcare workers. Laryngoscope. 118(8):1345-9, 2008
Barnett K et al: Scrofula as a presentation of tuberculosis and HIV. CJEM. 2007 May;9(3):176-9. Erratum in: CJEM. 9(4):303, 2007
Menon K et al: A clinical review of 128 cases of head and neck tuberculosis presenting over a 10-year period in Bradford, UK. J Laryngol Otol. 121(4):362-8, 2007
Song JY et al: Disease spectrum of cervical lymphadenitis: analysis based on ultrasound-guided core-needle gun biopsy. J Infect. 55(4):310-6, 2007
Baskota DK et al: Distribution of lymph nodes in the neck in cases of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis. Acta Otolaryngol. 124(9):1095-8, 2004
Moon WK et al: CT and MR imaging of head and neck tuberculosis. Radiographics. 17(2):391-402, 1997
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Tuberculosis (TB)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Global Health, Tuberculosis
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Tuberculous (TB) lymph nodes
Synonyms
Cervical TB adenitis
Cervical TB lymphadenitis
TB scrofula
Definitions
Adenopathy due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Gehrke T et al: Tuberculosis in the head and neck: changing trends and age-related patterns. Laryngoscope. ePub, 2021
Seo YJ et al: Causes of necrotic features in fine-needle aspirates from cervical lymph nodes. J Pathol Transl Med. 55(1):60-7, 2021
Hashmi AA et al: Utility of fine needle aspiration cytology in the evaluation of lymphadenopathy. Cureus. 12(12):e11990, 2020
Raja R et al: GeneXpert assay - a cutting-edge tool for rapid tissue diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 21:100204, 2020
Qian X et al: Head and neck tuberculosis: literature review and meta-analysis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 116S:S78-88, 2019
Białek EJ et al: Mistakes in ultrasound diagnosis of superficial lymph nodes. J Ultrason. 17(68):59-65, 2017
Liu Q et al: Performance of interferon-γ release assay in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis: a meta-analysis. PeerJ. 5:e3136, 2017
Azghay M et al: Utility of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay in adult, pulmonary and extrapulmonary, active tuberculosis diagnosis. Int J Infect Dis. 44:25-30, 2016
Oishi M et al: Clinical study of extrapulmonary head and neck tuberculosis: a single-institute 10-year experience. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 20(1):30-3, 2016
Omura S et al: A clinical review of 38 cases of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis in Japan - the role of neck dissection. Auris Nasus Larynx. 43(6):672-6, 2016
Eisenmenger LB et al: Imaging of head and neck lymph nodes. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(1):115-32, 2015
Namale PE et al: Paradoxical TB-IRIS in HIV-infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Microbiol. 10(6):1077-99, 2015
Baek HJ et al: Diagnostic accuracy of the clinical and CT findings for differentiating Kikuchi's disease and tuberculous lymphadenitis presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy. Jpn J Radiol. 32(11):637-43, 2014
Vorster M et al: Advances in imaging of tuberculosis: the role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET and PET/CT. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 20(3):287-93, 2014
Iguchi H et al: Clinical analysis of 21 cases of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis without active pulmonary lesion. Acta Otolaryngol. 133(9):977-83, 2013
Sathekge M et al: FDG-PET imaging in HIV infection and tuberculosis. Semin Nucl Med. 43(5):349-66, 2013
Sathekge M et al: Tuberculous lymphadenitis: FDG PET and CT findings in responsive and nonresponsive disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 39(7):1184-90, 2012
Sathekge M et al: Use of 18F-FDG PET to predict response to first-line tuberculostatics in HIV-associated tuberculosis. J Nucl Med. 52(6):880-5, 2011
Choi EC et al: Case report. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis mimicking metastatic lymph nodes from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 82(982):e208-11, 2009
Papadopouli E et al: Cervical lymphadenopathy in childhood epidemiology and management. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 26(6):454-60, 2009
Wang WC et al: Tuberculosis of the head and neck: a review of 20 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 107(3):381-6, 2009
Archontaki M et al: Intraparotid lymph node tuberculosis. B-ENT. 4(1):35-7, 2008
Roberts DS et al: Cervical tuberculosis: a decision tree for protecting healthcare workers. Laryngoscope. 118(8):1345-9, 2008
Barnett K et al: Scrofula as a presentation of tuberculosis and HIV. CJEM. 2007 May;9(3):176-9. Erratum in: CJEM. 9(4):303, 2007
Menon K et al: A clinical review of 128 cases of head and neck tuberculosis presenting over a 10-year period in Bradford, UK. J Laryngol Otol. 121(4):362-8, 2007
Song JY et al: Disease spectrum of cervical lymphadenitis: analysis based on ultrasound-guided core-needle gun biopsy. J Infect. 55(4):310-6, 2007
Baskota DK et al: Distribution of lymph nodes in the neck in cases of tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis. Acta Otolaryngol. 124(9):1095-8, 2004
Moon WK et al: CT and MR imaging of head and neck tuberculosis. Radiographics. 17(2):391-402, 1997
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Tuberculosis (TB)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Global Health, Tuberculosis
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