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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Valproic acid (VPA) embryopathy, fetal valproate syndrome
Definitions
- Fetal exposure to antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), characterized by dysmorphic facial appearance, major and minor anomalies, central nervous system dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Bromley RL et al: Intellectual functioning in clinically confirmed fetal valproate syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 71:16-21, 2019
- Tomson T et al: Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(2):246-52, 2019
- Vajda FJE et al: Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register. Seizure. 65:6-11, 2019
- Ornoy A et al: Is post exposure prevention of teratogenic damage possible: Studies on diabetes, valproic acid, alcohol and anti folates in pregnancy: Animal studies with reflection to human. Reprod Toxicol. 80:92-104, 2018
- Veroniki AA et al: Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 7(7):e017248, 2017
- Veiby G et al: Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol. 261(3):579-88, 2014
- Vajda FJ et al: Dose dependence of fetal malformations associated with valproate. Neurology. 81(11):999-1003, 2013
- Holmes LB et al: Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies: different risks from different drug combinations. Arch Neurol. 68(10):1275-81, 2011
- Tomson T et al: Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 10(7):609-17, 2011
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Valproic acid (VPA) embryopathy, fetal valproate syndrome
Definitions
- Fetal exposure to antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), characterized by dysmorphic facial appearance, major and minor anomalies, central nervous system dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Bromley RL et al: Intellectual functioning in clinically confirmed fetal valproate syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 71:16-21, 2019
- Tomson T et al: Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(2):246-52, 2019
- Vajda FJE et al: Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register. Seizure. 65:6-11, 2019
- Ornoy A et al: Is post exposure prevention of teratogenic damage possible: Studies on diabetes, valproic acid, alcohol and anti folates in pregnancy: Animal studies with reflection to human. Reprod Toxicol. 80:92-104, 2018
- Veroniki AA et al: Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 7(7):e017248, 2017
- Veiby G et al: Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol. 261(3):579-88, 2014
- Vajda FJ et al: Dose dependence of fetal malformations associated with valproate. Neurology. 81(11):999-1003, 2013
- Holmes LB et al: Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies: different risks from different drug combinations. Arch Neurol. 68(10):1275-81, 2011
- Tomson T et al: Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 10(7):609-17, 2011
