Fetal exposure to antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), characterized by dysmorphic facial appearance, major and minor anomalies, central nervous system dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Bromley RL et al: Intellectual functioning in clinically confirmed fetal valproate syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 71:16-21, 2019
Tomson T et al: Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(2):246-52, 2019
Vajda FJE et al: Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register. Seizure. 65:6-11, 2019
Ornoy A et al: Is post exposure prevention of teratogenic damage possible: Studies on diabetes, valproic acid, alcohol and anti folates in pregnancy: Animal studies with reflection to human. Reprod Toxicol. 80:92-104, 2018
Veroniki AA et al: Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 7(7):e017248, 2017
Veiby G et al: Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol. 261(3):579-88, 2014
Vajda FJ et al: Dose dependence of fetal malformations associated with valproate. Neurology. 81(11):999-1003, 2013
Holmes LB et al: Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies: different risks from different drug combinations. Arch Neurol. 68(10):1275-81, 2011
Tomson T et al: Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 10(7):609-17, 2011
Fetal exposure to antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), characterized by dysmorphic facial appearance, major and minor anomalies, central nervous system dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Bromley RL et al: Intellectual functioning in clinically confirmed fetal valproate syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 71:16-21, 2019
Tomson T et al: Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(2):246-52, 2019
Vajda FJE et al: Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register. Seizure. 65:6-11, 2019
Ornoy A et al: Is post exposure prevention of teratogenic damage possible: Studies on diabetes, valproic acid, alcohol and anti folates in pregnancy: Animal studies with reflection to human. Reprod Toxicol. 80:92-104, 2018
Veroniki AA et al: Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs for neurological development in children exposed during pregnancy and breast feeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 7(7):e017248, 2017
Veiby G et al: Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol. 261(3):579-88, 2014
Vajda FJ et al: Dose dependence of fetal malformations associated with valproate. Neurology. 81(11):999-1003, 2013
Holmes LB et al: Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies: different risks from different drug combinations. Arch Neurol. 68(10):1275-81, 2011
Tomson T et al: Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 10(7):609-17, 2011
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