Fetal exposure to antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), characterized by dysmorphic facial appearance, major and minor anomalies, central nervous system dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Veiby G et al: Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol. 261(3):579-88, 2014
Vajda FJ et al: Dose dependence of fetal malformations associated with valproate. Neurology. 81(11):999-1003, 2013
Holmes LB et al: Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies: different risks from different drug combinations. Arch Neurol. 68(10):1275-81, 2011
Tomson T et al: Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 10(7):609-17, 2011
Alessandri JL et al: Tibial developmental field defect in valproic acid embryopathy: Report on three cases. Am J Med Genet A. 152A(11):2805-9, 2010
Dawson JE et al: Folic acid and pantothenic acid protection against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in CD-1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 211(2):124-32, 2006
Hrubec TC et al: Valproic acid-induced fetal malformations are reduced by maternal immune stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interferon-gamma. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 288(12):1303-9, 2006
Padmanabhan R et al: Effect of maternal exposure to homocystine on sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in the mouse embryos. Eur J Nutr. 45(6):311-9, 2006
Alsdorf R et al: Teratogenicity of sodium valproate. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 4(2):345-53, 2005
Schorry EK et al: Valproate embryopathy: clinical and cognitive profile in 5 siblings. Am J Med Genet A. 133A(2):202-6, 2005
Vajda FJ et al: Critical relationship between sodium valproate dose and human teratogenicity: results of the Australian register of anti-epileptic drugs in pregnancy. J Clin Neurosci. 11(8):854-8, 2004
Wide K et al: Major malformations in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero, with emphasis on carbamazepine and valproic acid: a nation-wide, population-based register study. Acta Paediatr. 93(2):174-6, 2004
Yonkers KA et al: Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am J Psychiatry. 161(4):608-20, 2004
Malm H et al: Valproate embryopathy in three sets of siblings: further proof of hereditary susceptibility. Neurology. 59(4):630-3, 2002
Kozma C: Valproic acid embryopathy: report of two siblings with further expansion of the phenotypic abnormalities and a review of the literature. Am J Med Genet. 98(2):168-75, 2001
Moore SJ et al: A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndromes. J Med Genet. 37(7):489-97, 2000
Fetal exposure to antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA), characterized by dysmorphic facial appearance, major and minor anomalies, central nervous system dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Veiby G et al: Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol. 261(3):579-88, 2014
Vajda FJ et al: Dose dependence of fetal malformations associated with valproate. Neurology. 81(11):999-1003, 2013
Holmes LB et al: Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies: different risks from different drug combinations. Arch Neurol. 68(10):1275-81, 2011
Tomson T et al: Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol. 10(7):609-17, 2011
Alessandri JL et al: Tibial developmental field defect in valproic acid embryopathy: Report on three cases. Am J Med Genet A. 152A(11):2805-9, 2010
Dawson JE et al: Folic acid and pantothenic acid protection against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in CD-1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 211(2):124-32, 2006
Hrubec TC et al: Valproic acid-induced fetal malformations are reduced by maternal immune stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interferon-gamma. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 288(12):1303-9, 2006
Padmanabhan R et al: Effect of maternal exposure to homocystine on sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in the mouse embryos. Eur J Nutr. 45(6):311-9, 2006
Alsdorf R et al: Teratogenicity of sodium valproate. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 4(2):345-53, 2005
Schorry EK et al: Valproate embryopathy: clinical and cognitive profile in 5 siblings. Am J Med Genet A. 133A(2):202-6, 2005
Vajda FJ et al: Critical relationship between sodium valproate dose and human teratogenicity: results of the Australian register of anti-epileptic drugs in pregnancy. J Clin Neurosci. 11(8):854-8, 2004
Wide K et al: Major malformations in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero, with emphasis on carbamazepine and valproic acid: a nation-wide, population-based register study. Acta Paediatr. 93(2):174-6, 2004
Yonkers KA et al: Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am J Psychiatry. 161(4):608-20, 2004
Malm H et al: Valproate embryopathy in three sets of siblings: further proof of hereditary susceptibility. Neurology. 59(4):630-3, 2002
Kozma C: Valproic acid embryopathy: report of two siblings with further expansion of the phenotypic abnormalities and a review of the literature. Am J Med Genet. 98(2):168-75, 2001
Moore SJ et al: A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndromes. J Med Genet. 37(7):489-97, 2000
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