Terminology

Imaging

Diagnostic Checklist

Definitions

• "Vascular anomaly" comprises both vascular tumors & vascular malformation
  • Differentiation based on cellular turnover, histology, natural history, imaging, & physical findings
• Vascular tumors
  • Features cellular proliferation & hyperplasia
  • Classified as benign (most common), locally aggressive, or borderline & malignant
  • Benign: Infantile hemangioma, congenital hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma)
    • Infantile hemangioma = most common childhood vascular tumor
      • Grows after birth with early proliferative stage & later involuntary stage
  • Local aggressive: Tufted angioma, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
  • Malignant: Angiosarcoma
• Vascular malformation
  • Vascular dysplasia rather than actual tumor
    • Dysplastic vascular channels with normal endothelial turnover
  • Present at birth & grows commensurately with child without proliferation or involution
  • Subdivided into simple, combined, involving major vessel ± associated with other anomalies
    • Simple type is based on predominant vessel type affected, e.g., capillary, venous, arteriovenous, or lymphatic
      • Venous malformation = most common vascular malformation
    • Combined type: Arteriovenous fistula, capillary/venous, lymphatic/venous, etc.
  • Will be low flow or high flow depending on color Doppler flow dynamics
    • Low-flow vascular malformations: Venous, capillary, lymphatic, or capillary/venous
    • High-flow vascular malformations: Arteriovenous malformation, arteriovenous fistula

General Features

Radiographic Findings

MR Findings

Ultrasonographic Findings

Angiographic Findings

Imaging Recommendations

General Features

Microscopic Features

Presentation

Demographics

Natural History & Prognosis

Treatment

Consider

Image Interpretation Pearls