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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Vascular dementia (VaD)
Synonyms
- Multiinfarct dementia (MID)
- Vascular cognitive disorder (VCD)
- Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)
- Subcortical ischemic VaD
- Poststroke dementia
Definitions
- Dementia caused by cerebrovascular disease or ↓ cerebral blood flow (CBF)
- VCI: Cognitive impairment caused by or associated with vascular factors
- Secondary to repeated cerebral infarctions
- Can occur alone or in association with Alzheimer disease (AD)
- 2nd most common cause of dementia next to AD
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Alber J et al: White matter hyperintensities in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): knowledge gaps and opportunities. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 5:107-17, 2019
- Huang WQ et al: Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) recommended as a regular magnetic resonance diagnosis for vascular dementia to identify independent idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus before ventriculo-peritoneal (V-P) shunt treatment: a case study. Front Neurol. 10:262, 2019
- Lim J et al: Utilization of magnetic resonance imaging by comorbidity of patients with dementia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(23), 2019
- Mahalingam S et al: Neuroimaging in dementias. Semin Neurol. 39(2):188-99, 2019
- Sengupta P et al: Pattern of cognitive deficits in vascular dementia. Indian J Med Res. 149(4):503-7, 2019
- Smith EE et al: Harmonizing brain magnetic resonance imaging methods for vascular contributions to neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 11:191-204, 2019
- Shivamurthy VK et al: Brain FDG PET and the diagnosis of dementia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(1):W76-85, 2015
- Venkat P et al: Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia. Exp Neurol. 272:97-108, 2015
- Villeneuve S et al: Imaging vascular disease and amyloid in the aging brain: implications for treatment. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2(1):64-70, 2015
- Yamada M: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: emerging concepts. J Stroke. 17(1):17-30, 2015
- Ihara M et al: Understanding and preventing the development of post-stroke dementia. Expert Rev Neurother. 14(9):1067-77, 2014
- Dufouil C et al: Severe cerebral white matter hyperintensities predict severe cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease history. Stroke. 40(6):2219-21, 2009
- Targosz-Gajniak M et al: Cerebral white matter lesions in patients with dementia - from MCI to severe Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci. 283(1-2):79-82, 2009
- Jellinger KA: Morphologic diagnosis of "vascular dementia" - a critical update. J Neurol Sci. 270(1-2):1-12, 2008
- O'Sullivan M et al: DTI MRI correlates with executive dysfunction in patients with ischaemic leukoaraiosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75(3):441-7, 2004
- Yoshikawa T et al: Heterogeneity of cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(7):1341-7, 2003
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Vascular dementia (VaD)
Synonyms
- Multiinfarct dementia (MID)
- Vascular cognitive disorder (VCD)
- Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)
- Subcortical ischemic VaD
- Poststroke dementia
Definitions
- Dementia caused by cerebrovascular disease or ↓ cerebral blood flow (CBF)
- VCI: Cognitive impairment caused by or associated with vascular factors
- Secondary to repeated cerebral infarctions
- Can occur alone or in association with Alzheimer disease (AD)
- 2nd most common cause of dementia next to AD
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Alber J et al: White matter hyperintensities in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): knowledge gaps and opportunities. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 5:107-17, 2019
- Huang WQ et al: Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) recommended as a regular magnetic resonance diagnosis for vascular dementia to identify independent idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus before ventriculo-peritoneal (V-P) shunt treatment: a case study. Front Neurol. 10:262, 2019
- Lim J et al: Utilization of magnetic resonance imaging by comorbidity of patients with dementia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(23), 2019
- Mahalingam S et al: Neuroimaging in dementias. Semin Neurol. 39(2):188-99, 2019
- Sengupta P et al: Pattern of cognitive deficits in vascular dementia. Indian J Med Res. 149(4):503-7, 2019
- Smith EE et al: Harmonizing brain magnetic resonance imaging methods for vascular contributions to neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 11:191-204, 2019
- Shivamurthy VK et al: Brain FDG PET and the diagnosis of dementia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(1):W76-85, 2015
- Venkat P et al: Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia. Exp Neurol. 272:97-108, 2015
- Villeneuve S et al: Imaging vascular disease and amyloid in the aging brain: implications for treatment. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2(1):64-70, 2015
- Yamada M: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: emerging concepts. J Stroke. 17(1):17-30, 2015
- Ihara M et al: Understanding and preventing the development of post-stroke dementia. Expert Rev Neurother. 14(9):1067-77, 2014
- Dufouil C et al: Severe cerebral white matter hyperintensities predict severe cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease history. Stroke. 40(6):2219-21, 2009
- Targosz-Gajniak M et al: Cerebral white matter lesions in patients with dementia - from MCI to severe Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci. 283(1-2):79-82, 2009
- Jellinger KA: Morphologic diagnosis of "vascular dementia" - a critical update. J Neurol Sci. 270(1-2):1-12, 2008
- O'Sullivan M et al: DTI MRI correlates with executive dysfunction in patients with ischaemic leukoaraiosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75(3):441-7, 2004
- Yoshikawa T et al: Heterogeneity of cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(7):1341-7, 2003
