Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between deep choroidal arteries and embryonic median prosencephalic vein (MPV) of Markowski
High flow through MPV prevents formation of vein of Galen
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is actually misnomer but still commonly used to describe this type of fistula
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
De Luca C et al: An ACVRL1 gene mutation presenting as vein of Galen malformation at prenatal diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A. 182(5):1255-8, 2020
Mochizuki Y et al: Clinical course and management of vein of Galen varix of the neonate: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Neurosurg. 54(4):281-7, 2019
Spada C et al: Heart failure caused by VGAM: a lesson for diagnosis and treatment from a case and literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-7, 2019
Duran D et al: Human genetics and molecular mechanisms of vein of Galen malformation. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 21(4):367-74, 2018
Marinaş MC et al: A severe case of aneurysmal malformation of the vein of Galen, cardiac failure and intrauterine fetal death. Curr Health Sci J. 44(1):76-9, 2018
Vivanti A et al: Loss of function mutations in EPHB4 are responsible for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. Brain. 141(4):979-88, 2018
Pires P et al: Prenatal diagnosis of Galen vein aneurysm using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging and perinatal and long-term neurological outcomes: a case series. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 39(6):309-14, 2017
Saliou G et al: Pseudofeeders on fetal magnetic resonance imaging predict outcome in vein of Galen malformations. Ann Neurol. 81(2):278-86, 2017
Zhou LX et al: Diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation using fetal MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 46(5):1535-9, 2016
Kwong Y et al: Fetal MRI demonstrating vein of Galen malformations in two successive pregnancies-a previously unreported occurrence. Childs Nerv Syst. 31(7):1033-5, 2015
Deloison B et al: Hidden mortality of prenatally diagnosed vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation: retrospective study and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 40(6):652-8, 2012
Gün I et al: Is prenatal volumetric evaluation of aneurysm of the vein of Galen important in the prediction of adverse fetal outcome? J Clin Ultrasound. 38(8):443-5, 2010
Heuer GG et al: Diagnosis and treatment of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Childs Nerv Syst. 26(7):879-87, 2010
Kalra V et al: Fetal MR diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. Pediatr Radiol. 40 Suppl 1:S155, 2010
McSweeney N et al: Management and outcome of vein of Galen malformation. Arch Dis Child. 95(11):903-9, 2010
Vijayaraghavan SB et al: Prenatal diagnosis of thrombosed aneurysm of vein of Galen. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 27(1):81-3, 2006
Paternoster DM et al: Prenatal diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Fetal Diagn Ther. 18(6):408-11, 2003
Jones BV et al: Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation: diagnosis and treatment of 13 children with extended clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(10):1717-24, 2002
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Vein of Galen aneurysm
Definitions
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between deep choroidal arteries and embryonic median prosencephalic vein (MPV) of Markowski
High flow through MPV prevents formation of vein of Galen
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is actually misnomer but still commonly used to describe this type of fistula
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
De Luca C et al: An ACVRL1 gene mutation presenting as vein of Galen malformation at prenatal diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A. 182(5):1255-8, 2020
Mochizuki Y et al: Clinical course and management of vein of Galen varix of the neonate: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Neurosurg. 54(4):281-7, 2019
Spada C et al: Heart failure caused by VGAM: a lesson for diagnosis and treatment from a case and literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-7, 2019
Duran D et al: Human genetics and molecular mechanisms of vein of Galen malformation. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 21(4):367-74, 2018
Marinaş MC et al: A severe case of aneurysmal malformation of the vein of Galen, cardiac failure and intrauterine fetal death. Curr Health Sci J. 44(1):76-9, 2018
Vivanti A et al: Loss of function mutations in EPHB4 are responsible for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. Brain. 141(4):979-88, 2018
Pires P et al: Prenatal diagnosis of Galen vein aneurysm using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging and perinatal and long-term neurological outcomes: a case series. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 39(6):309-14, 2017
Saliou G et al: Pseudofeeders on fetal magnetic resonance imaging predict outcome in vein of Galen malformations. Ann Neurol. 81(2):278-86, 2017
Zhou LX et al: Diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation using fetal MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 46(5):1535-9, 2016
Kwong Y et al: Fetal MRI demonstrating vein of Galen malformations in two successive pregnancies-a previously unreported occurrence. Childs Nerv Syst. 31(7):1033-5, 2015
Deloison B et al: Hidden mortality of prenatally diagnosed vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation: retrospective study and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 40(6):652-8, 2012
Gün I et al: Is prenatal volumetric evaluation of aneurysm of the vein of Galen important in the prediction of adverse fetal outcome? J Clin Ultrasound. 38(8):443-5, 2010
Heuer GG et al: Diagnosis and treatment of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Childs Nerv Syst. 26(7):879-87, 2010
Kalra V et al: Fetal MR diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. Pediatr Radiol. 40 Suppl 1:S155, 2010
McSweeney N et al: Management and outcome of vein of Galen malformation. Arch Dis Child. 95(11):903-9, 2010
Vijayaraghavan SB et al: Prenatal diagnosis of thrombosed aneurysm of vein of Galen. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 27(1):81-3, 2006
Paternoster DM et al: Prenatal diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Fetal Diagn Ther. 18(6):408-11, 2003
Jones BV et al: Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation: diagnosis and treatment of 13 children with extended clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(10):1717-24, 2002
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