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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Venous anomaly, common venous malformation (VM)
Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation
Not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
Kollipara R et al: Current classification and terminology of pediatric vascular anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(5):1124-35, 2013
Mulliken JB et al: Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013
Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
Lobo-Mueller E et al: Complex combined vascular malformations and vascular malformation syndromes affecting the extremities in children. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):255-76, 2009
Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Venous anomaly, common venous malformation (VM)
Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation
Not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
Kollipara R et al: Current classification and terminology of pediatric vascular anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(5):1124-35, 2013
Mulliken JB et al: Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013
Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
Lobo-Mueller E et al: Complex combined vascular malformations and vascular malformation syndromes affecting the extremities in children. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):255-76, 2009
Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
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