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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Venous anomaly, common venous malformation (VM)
- Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
- Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
- Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation
- Not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
- Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
- Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
- Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
- Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
- Kollipara R et al: Current classification and terminology of pediatric vascular anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(5):1124-35, 2013
- Mulliken JB et al: Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013
- Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
- Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
- Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
- Lobo-Mueller E et al: Complex combined vascular malformations and vascular malformation syndromes affecting the extremities in children. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):255-76, 2009
- Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Venous anomaly, common venous malformation (VM)
- Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
- Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
- Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation
- Not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
- Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
- Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
- Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
- Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
- Kollipara R et al: Current classification and terminology of pediatric vascular anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(5):1124-35, 2013
- Mulliken JB et al: Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013
- Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
- Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
- Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
- Lobo-Mueller E et al: Complex combined vascular malformations and vascular malformation syndromes affecting the extremities in children. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):255-76, 2009
- Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
