Cavernous malformation, cavernous hemangioma (both terms to be avoided)
Definitions
VM: Subtype of congenital slow-/low-flow VM due to error in vein formation
i.e., not neoplasm
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Mamlouk MD et al: Vascular anomaly imaging mimics and differential diagnoses. Pediatr Radiol. 49(8):1088-1103, 2019
Alexander MD et al: Revisiting classic MRI findings of venous malformations: changes in protocols may lead to potential misdiagnosis. Neuroradiol J. 31(5):509-12, 2018
ISSVA International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.issva.org/classification
Merrow AC et al: 2014 Revised classification of vascular lesions from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: radiologic-pathologic update. Radiographics. 36(5):1494-516, 2016
Olivieri B et al: Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Pitfalls: From Clinical Examination to Practical Imaging Evaluation--Part 2, Venous Malformation Mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):952-62, 2016
White CL et al: Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Pitfalls: From Clinical Examination to Practical Imaging Evaluation--Part 1, Lymphatic Malformation Mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):940-51, 2016
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
Kollipara R et al: Current classification and terminology of pediatric vascular anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(5):1124-35, 2013
Chen WL et al: Percutaneous sclerotherapy of massive venous malformations of the face and neck using fibrin glue combined with OK-432 and pingyangmycin. Head Neck. 32(4):467-72, 2010
Eivazi B et al: Orbital and periorbital vascular anomalies - an approach to diagnosis and therapeutic concepts. Acta Otolaryngol. Epub ahead of print, 2010
Glade RS et al: Diagnosis and management of pediatric cervicofacial venous malformations: retrospective review from a vascular anomalies center. Laryngoscope. 120(2):229-35, 2010
Duyka LJ et al: Progesterone receptors identified in vascular malformations of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141(4):491-5, 2009
Zheng JW et al: Intralesional injection of Pingyangmycin for vascular malformations in oral and maxillofacial regions: an evaluation of 297 consecutive patients. Oral Oncol. 45(10):872-6, 2009
Bisdorff A et al: Intracranial vascular anomalies in patients with periorbital lymphatic and lymphaticovenous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 28(2):335-41, 2007
Lee BB et al: Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg. 37(3): 533-8, 2003
Scolozzi P et al: Intraoral venous malformation presenting with multiple phleboliths. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 96(2): 197-200, 2003
Holt PD et al: Interventional radiology in the treatment of vascular lesions. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 9(4):585-99, 2001
Marler JJ et al: Vascular anomalies: classification, diagnosis, and natural history. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 9(4):495-504, 2001
North PE et al: Histopathological diagnosis of infantile hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 9(4):505-24, 2001
Boukobza M et al: Cerebral developmental venous anomalies associated with head and neck venous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(5): 987-94, 1996
Baker LL et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck: MR characterization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(2):307-14, 1993
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Venous malformation (VM) is preferred term
Synonyms
Cavernous malformation, cavernous hemangioma (both terms to be avoided)
Definitions
VM: Subtype of congenital slow-/low-flow VM due to error in vein formation
i.e., not neoplasm
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Mamlouk MD et al: Vascular anomaly imaging mimics and differential diagnoses. Pediatr Radiol. 49(8):1088-1103, 2019
Alexander MD et al: Revisiting classic MRI findings of venous malformations: changes in protocols may lead to potential misdiagnosis. Neuroradiol J. 31(5):509-12, 2018
ISSVA International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed May 3, 2021. https://www.issva.org/classification
Merrow AC et al: 2014 Revised classification of vascular lesions from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: radiologic-pathologic update. Radiographics. 36(5):1494-516, 2016
Olivieri B et al: Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Pitfalls: From Clinical Examination to Practical Imaging Evaluation--Part 2, Venous Malformation Mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):952-62, 2016
White CL et al: Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Pitfalls: From Clinical Examination to Practical Imaging Evaluation--Part 1, Lymphatic Malformation Mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):940-51, 2016
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
Kollipara R et al: Current classification and terminology of pediatric vascular anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(5):1124-35, 2013
Chen WL et al: Percutaneous sclerotherapy of massive venous malformations of the face and neck using fibrin glue combined with OK-432 and pingyangmycin. Head Neck. 32(4):467-72, 2010
Eivazi B et al: Orbital and periorbital vascular anomalies - an approach to diagnosis and therapeutic concepts. Acta Otolaryngol. Epub ahead of print, 2010
Glade RS et al: Diagnosis and management of pediatric cervicofacial venous malformations: retrospective review from a vascular anomalies center. Laryngoscope. 120(2):229-35, 2010
Duyka LJ et al: Progesterone receptors identified in vascular malformations of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141(4):491-5, 2009
Zheng JW et al: Intralesional injection of Pingyangmycin for vascular malformations in oral and maxillofacial regions: an evaluation of 297 consecutive patients. Oral Oncol. 45(10):872-6, 2009
Bisdorff A et al: Intracranial vascular anomalies in patients with periorbital lymphatic and lymphaticovenous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 28(2):335-41, 2007
Lee BB et al: Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg. 37(3): 533-8, 2003
Scolozzi P et al: Intraoral venous malformation presenting with multiple phleboliths. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 96(2): 197-200, 2003
Holt PD et al: Interventional radiology in the treatment of vascular lesions. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 9(4):585-99, 2001
Marler JJ et al: Vascular anomalies: classification, diagnosis, and natural history. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 9(4):495-504, 2001
North PE et al: Histopathological diagnosis of infantile hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 9(4):505-24, 2001
Boukobza M et al: Cerebral developmental venous anomalies associated with head and neck venous malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(5): 987-94, 1996
Baker LL et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck: MR characterization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(2):307-14, 1993
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