Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation; not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Abu Ata N et al: Imaging of vascular anomalies in the pediatric musculoskeletal system. Semin Roentgenol. 56(3):288-306, 2021
Mattila KA et al: Intra-articular venous malformation of the knee in children: magnetic resonance imaging findings and significance of synovial involvement. Pediatr Radiol. 50(4):509-15, 2020
Restrepo R et al: Three distinct vascular anomalies involving skeletal muscle: simplifying the approach for the general radiologist. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(3):603-18, 2020
Bertino F et al: Congenital limb overgrowth syndromes associated with vascular anomalies. Radiographics. 39(2):491-515, 2019
Mamlouk MD et al: Vascular anomaly imaging mimics and differential diagnoses. Pediatr Radiol. 49(8):1088-103, 2019
ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published April 2014. Updated May 2018. Accessed April 27, 2020. https://www.issva.org/UserFiles/file/ISSVA-Classification-2018.pdf
Merrow AC et al: 2014 Revised classification of vascular lesions from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: radiologic-pathologic update. Radiographics. 36(5):1494-516, 2016
Olivieri B et al: Low-flow vascular malformation pitfalls: from clinical examination to practical imaging evaluation--part 2, venous malformation mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):952-62, 2016
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Venous anomaly, common venous malformation (VM)
Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation; not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Abu Ata N et al: Imaging of vascular anomalies in the pediatric musculoskeletal system. Semin Roentgenol. 56(3):288-306, 2021
Mattila KA et al: Intra-articular venous malformation of the knee in children: magnetic resonance imaging findings and significance of synovial involvement. Pediatr Radiol. 50(4):509-15, 2020
Restrepo R et al: Three distinct vascular anomalies involving skeletal muscle: simplifying the approach for the general radiologist. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(3):603-18, 2020
Bertino F et al: Congenital limb overgrowth syndromes associated with vascular anomalies. Radiographics. 39(2):491-515, 2019
Mamlouk MD et al: Vascular anomaly imaging mimics and differential diagnoses. Pediatr Radiol. 49(8):1088-103, 2019
ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published April 2014. Updated May 2018. Accessed April 27, 2020. https://www.issva.org/UserFiles/file/ISSVA-Classification-2018.pdf
Merrow AC et al: 2014 Revised classification of vascular lesions from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: radiologic-pathologic update. Radiographics. 36(5):1494-516, 2016
Olivieri B et al: Low-flow vascular malformation pitfalls: from clinical examination to practical imaging evaluation--part 2, venous malformation mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):952-62, 2016
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
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