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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Venous anomaly, common venous malformation (VM)
- Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
- Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
- Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation; not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Abu Ata N et al: Imaging of vascular anomalies in the pediatric musculoskeletal system. Semin Roentgenol. 56(3):288-306, 2021
- Mattila KA et al: Intra-articular venous malformation of the knee in children: magnetic resonance imaging findings and significance of synovial involvement. Pediatr Radiol. 50(4):509-15, 2020
- Restrepo R et al: Three distinct vascular anomalies involving skeletal muscle: simplifying the approach for the general radiologist. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(3):603-18, 2020
- Bertino F et al: Congenital limb overgrowth syndromes associated with vascular anomalies. Radiographics. 39(2):491-515, 2019
- Mamlouk MD et al: Vascular anomaly imaging mimics and differential diagnoses. Pediatr Radiol. 49(8):1088-103, 2019
- ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published April 2014. Updated May 2018. Accessed April 27, 2020. https://www.issva.org/UserFiles/file/ISSVA-Classification-2018.pdf
- Merrow AC et al: 2014 Revised classification of vascular lesions from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: radiologic-pathologic update. Radiographics. 36(5):1494-516, 2016
- Olivieri B et al: Low-flow vascular malformation pitfalls: from clinical examination to practical imaging evaluation--part 2, venous malformation mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):952-62, 2016
- Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
- Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
- Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
- Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
- Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
- Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
- Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
- Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
- Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Venous anomaly, common venous malformation (VM)
- Not hemangioma (benign vascular neoplasm of capillaries) or arteriovenous malformation (high-flow lesion)
- Distinct entities with different histologies & behaviors
Definitions
- Subtype of congenital slow- or low-flow vascular malformation due to error in vein formation; not neoplastic
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Abu Ata N et al: Imaging of vascular anomalies in the pediatric musculoskeletal system. Semin Roentgenol. 56(3):288-306, 2021
- Mattila KA et al: Intra-articular venous malformation of the knee in children: magnetic resonance imaging findings and significance of synovial involvement. Pediatr Radiol. 50(4):509-15, 2020
- Restrepo R et al: Three distinct vascular anomalies involving skeletal muscle: simplifying the approach for the general radiologist. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(3):603-18, 2020
- Bertino F et al: Congenital limb overgrowth syndromes associated with vascular anomalies. Radiographics. 39(2):491-515, 2019
- Mamlouk MD et al: Vascular anomaly imaging mimics and differential diagnoses. Pediatr Radiol. 49(8):1088-103, 2019
- ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published April 2014. Updated May 2018. Accessed April 27, 2020. https://www.issva.org/UserFiles/file/ISSVA-Classification-2018.pdf
- Merrow AC et al: 2014 Revised classification of vascular lesions from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: radiologic-pathologic update. Radiographics. 36(5):1494-516, 2016
- Olivieri B et al: Low-flow vascular malformation pitfalls: from clinical examination to practical imaging evaluation--part 2, venous malformation mimickers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(5):952-62, 2016
- Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
- Alomari AI et al: Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly: clinical-radiologic-pathologic features of a newly delineated disorder of the extremity. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(1):109-17, 2014
- Dasgupta R et al: Venous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):198-202, 2014
- Spencer SA et al: Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):227-32, 2014
- Uller W et al: Overgrowth syndromes with complex vascular anomalies. Semin Pediatr Surg. 23(4):208-15, 2014
- Jans L et al: MRI demonstrates the extension of juxta-articular venous malformation of the knee and correlates with joint changes. Eur Radiol. 20(7):1792-8, 2010
- Legiehn GM et al: A step-by-step practical approach to imaging diagnosis and interventional radiologic therapy in vascular malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 27(2):209-31, 2010
- Lobo-Mueller E et al: Extremity vascular anomalies in children: introduction, classification, and imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 13(3):210-35, 2009
- Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
