Cardiac anomalies characterized by defect(s) in ventricular septum
Perimembranous septal defect
Muscular or trabecular septal defect
Posterior or inlet defect associated with atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)
Outlet septal defect or supracristal VSD
Complex cardiac anomalies with VSD
Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, double-outlet right ventricle
Associated with other congenital lesions: Coarctation, tricuspid atresia
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Maagaard M et al: Disappearance of the shunt and lower cardiac index during exercise in small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects. Cardiol Young. 30(4):526-32, 2020
Ojha V et al: Spectrum of changes on cardiac magnetic resonance in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: imaging according to surgical considerations. Clin Imaging. 69:102-14, 2020
A D et al: An unusual case of double-chambered left ventricle: a case of double-chambered left ventricle communicated with right ventricle through a ventricular septal defect presented during only in diastole and a concomitant mitral valve prolapse. J Echocardiogr. 17(3):167-8, 2019
Abdel Razek AAK et al: Imaging of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 43(6):906-11, 2019
Jivanji SGM et al: Novel use of a 3D printed heart model to guide simultaneous percutaneous repair of severe pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm. Cardiol Young. 29(4):534-7, 2019
Mendez A et al: Virtual reality for preoperative planning in large ventricular septal defects. Eur Heart J. 40(13):1092, 2019
Alvarez A et al: Residual shunt diagnosed with 4D flow after reparation of post-infarct ventricular septal defect. Eur Heart J. 39(42):3820, 2018
Maagaard M et al: Biventricular morphology in adults born with a ventricular septal defect. Cardiol Young. 28(12):1379-85, 2018
Nicolay S et al: CT imaging features of atrioventricular shunts: what the radiologist must know. Insights Imaging. 7(1):119-29, 2016
Calkoen EE et al: Disturbed intracardiac flow organization after atrioventricular septal defect correction as assessed with 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative particle tracing. Invest Radiol. 50(12):850-7, 2015
Chan FP et al: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in neonates with congenital cardiovascular disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(2):146-60, 2015
Charakida M et al: Insights gained from three-dimensional imaging modalities for closure of ventricular septal defects. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 7(6):954-61, 2014
Rajiah P et al: Computed tomography of septal defects. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 4(4):231-45, 2010
Blasco PB et al: Spontaneous improvement of a haemodynamically significant ventricular septal defect produced by blunt chest trauma in a child. Cardiol Young. 19(1):109-10, 2009
Debl K et al: Quantification of left-to-right shunting in adult congenital heart disease: phase-contrast cine MRI compared with invasive oximetry. Br J Radiol. 82(977):386-91, 2009
Love BA et al: Membranous septal aneurysm causing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Clin Cardiol. 32(12):E87, 2009
Manganaro L et al: Assessment of congenital heart disease (CHD): is there a role for fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? Eur J Radiol. 72(1):172-80, 2009
Ratnayaka K et al: Antegrade percutaneous closure of membranous ventricular septal defect using X-ray fused with magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2(3):224-30, 2009
Miyake T et al: Spontaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect after school age. Pediatr Int. 50(5):632-5, 2008
Varaprasathan GA et al: Quantification of flow dynamics in congenital heart disease: applications of velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiographics. 22(4):895-905; discussion 905-6, 2002
McDaniel NL et al: Ventricular septal defects. In Allen HD et al: Moss & Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, & Adolescents, Vol 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 636-51, 2001
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KEY FACTS
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TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Definitions
Cardiac anomalies characterized by defect(s) in ventricular septum
Perimembranous septal defect
Muscular or trabecular septal defect
Posterior or inlet defect associated with atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)
Outlet septal defect or supracristal VSD
Complex cardiac anomalies with VSD
Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, double-outlet right ventricle
Associated with other congenital lesions: Coarctation, tricuspid atresia
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Maagaard M et al: Disappearance of the shunt and lower cardiac index during exercise in small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects. Cardiol Young. 30(4):526-32, 2020
Ojha V et al: Spectrum of changes on cardiac magnetic resonance in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: imaging according to surgical considerations. Clin Imaging. 69:102-14, 2020
A D et al: An unusual case of double-chambered left ventricle: a case of double-chambered left ventricle communicated with right ventricle through a ventricular septal defect presented during only in diastole and a concomitant mitral valve prolapse. J Echocardiogr. 17(3):167-8, 2019
Abdel Razek AAK et al: Imaging of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 43(6):906-11, 2019
Jivanji SGM et al: Novel use of a 3D printed heart model to guide simultaneous percutaneous repair of severe pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm. Cardiol Young. 29(4):534-7, 2019
Mendez A et al: Virtual reality for preoperative planning in large ventricular septal defects. Eur Heart J. 40(13):1092, 2019
Alvarez A et al: Residual shunt diagnosed with 4D flow after reparation of post-infarct ventricular septal defect. Eur Heart J. 39(42):3820, 2018
Maagaard M et al: Biventricular morphology in adults born with a ventricular septal defect. Cardiol Young. 28(12):1379-85, 2018
Nicolay S et al: CT imaging features of atrioventricular shunts: what the radiologist must know. Insights Imaging. 7(1):119-29, 2016
Calkoen EE et al: Disturbed intracardiac flow organization after atrioventricular septal defect correction as assessed with 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative particle tracing. Invest Radiol. 50(12):850-7, 2015
Chan FP et al: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in neonates with congenital cardiovascular disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(2):146-60, 2015
Charakida M et al: Insights gained from three-dimensional imaging modalities for closure of ventricular septal defects. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 7(6):954-61, 2014
Rajiah P et al: Computed tomography of septal defects. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 4(4):231-45, 2010
Blasco PB et al: Spontaneous improvement of a haemodynamically significant ventricular septal defect produced by blunt chest trauma in a child. Cardiol Young. 19(1):109-10, 2009
Debl K et al: Quantification of left-to-right shunting in adult congenital heart disease: phase-contrast cine MRI compared with invasive oximetry. Br J Radiol. 82(977):386-91, 2009
Love BA et al: Membranous septal aneurysm causing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Clin Cardiol. 32(12):E87, 2009
Manganaro L et al: Assessment of congenital heart disease (CHD): is there a role for fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? Eur J Radiol. 72(1):172-80, 2009
Ratnayaka K et al: Antegrade percutaneous closure of membranous ventricular septal defect using X-ray fused with magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2(3):224-30, 2009
Miyake T et al: Spontaneous closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect after school age. Pediatr Int. 50(5):632-5, 2008
Varaprasathan GA et al: Quantification of flow dynamics in congenital heart disease: applications of velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiographics. 22(4):895-905; discussion 905-6, 2002
McDaniel NL et al: Ventricular septal defects. In Allen HD et al: Moss & Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, & Adolescents, Vol 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 636-51, 2001
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