Li X et al: Prediction of spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect and guidance for clinical follow-up. Clin Cardiol. 42(5):536-41, 2019
Nicolay S et al: CT imaging features of atrioventricular shunts: what the radiologist must know. Insights Imaging. 7(1):119-29, 2016
Charakida M et al: Insights gained from three-dimensional imaging modalities for closure of ventricular septal defects. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 7(6):954-61, 2014
Rojas CA et al: Ventricular septal defects: embryology and imaging findings. J Thorac Imaging. 28(2):W28–34, 2012
Mongeon FP et al: Indications and outcomes of surgical closure of ventricular septal defect in adults. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 3(3):290-7, 2010
Rajiah P et al: Computed tomography of septal defects. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 4(4):231-45, 2010
Spanos GP et al: Time-resolved contrast-enhanced MRI in ventricular septal defect evaluation. Clin Radiol. 63(6):724-6, 2008
Goo HW et al: CT of congenital heart disease: normal anatomy and typical pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 23 Spec No:S147-65, 2003
Wang ZJ et al: Cardiovascular shunts: MR imaging evaluation. Radiographics. 23 Spec No:S181-94, 2003
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Li X et al: Prediction of spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect and guidance for clinical follow-up. Clin Cardiol. 42(5):536-41, 2019
Nicolay S et al: CT imaging features of atrioventricular shunts: what the radiologist must know. Insights Imaging. 7(1):119-29, 2016
Charakida M et al: Insights gained from three-dimensional imaging modalities for closure of ventricular septal defects. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 7(6):954-61, 2014
Rojas CA et al: Ventricular septal defects: embryology and imaging findings. J Thorac Imaging. 28(2):W28–34, 2012
Mongeon FP et al: Indications and outcomes of surgical closure of ventricular septal defect in adults. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 3(3):290-7, 2010
Rajiah P et al: Computed tomography of septal defects. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 4(4):231-45, 2010
Spanos GP et al: Time-resolved contrast-enhanced MRI in ventricular septal defect evaluation. Clin Radiol. 63(6):724-6, 2008
Goo HW et al: CT of congenital heart disease: normal anatomy and typical pathologic conditions. Radiographics. 23 Spec No:S147-65, 2003
Wang ZJ et al: Cardiovascular shunts: MR imaging evaluation. Radiographics. 23 Spec No:S181-94, 2003
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