Bronchiolitis (per American Academy of Pediatrics): Viral lower respiratory tract infection in infants affecting small airways with inflammation, edema, & epithelial necrosis
Lower respiratory tract infection may describe findings identical to bronchiolitis in patients ≥ 2 years old but may also refer to any infection of lower airways & parenchyma
Viral pneumonia may refer to viral infection of lung parenchyma ± airways
Peribronchial pneumonia is sometimes used to differentiate airways infection from parenchymal involvement
Lower airways disease includes viral airways infection as well as asthma
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
General Features of Epidemic & Pandemic Pathogens
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Foust AM et al: Pediatric SARS, H1N1, MERS, EVALI, and now Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: what radiologists need to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 215(3):736-44, 2020
Koo HJ et al: Radiographic and CT features of viral pneumonia. Radiographics. 38(3):719-39, 2018
Niles D et al: Retrospective review of clinical and chest x-ray findings in children admitted to a community hospital for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 57(14):1686-92, 2018
Hilmes MA et al: Chest radiographic features of human metapneumovirus infection in pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol. 47(13):1745-50, 2017
Winant AJ et al: Current updates on pediatric pulmonary infections. Semin Roentgenol. 52(1):35-42, 2017
Jain S et al: Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N Engl J Med. 372(9):835-45, 2015
Rhedin S et al: Respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children: matched case-control study. Thorax. 70(9):847-53, 2015
Ralston SL et al: Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 134(5):e1474-502, 2014
Bradley JS et al: Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 53(7):617-30, 2011
Franquet T: Imaging of pulmonary viral pneumonia. Radiology. Jul;260(1):18-39, 2011
Ruuskanen O et al: Viral pneumonia. Lancet; 377(9773):1264-75, 2011
Yoo SY et al: H1N1 influenza infection in children: frequency, pattern, and outcome of chest radiographic abnormalities. Clin Radiol. 66(4):334-9, 2011
Bramson RT et al: Interpretation of chest radiographs in infants with cough and fever. Radiology. 236(1):22-9, 2005
Copley SJ: Application of computed tomography in childhood respiratory infections. Br Med Bull. 61:263-79, 2002
Kim EA et al: Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings. Radiographics. 22 Spec No:S137-49, 2002
Virkki R et al: Differentiation of bacterial and viral pneumonia in children. Thorax. 57(5):438-41, 2002
Donnelly LF: Practical issues concerning imaging of pulmonary infection in children. J Thorac Imaging. 16(4):238-50, 2001
Juven T et al: Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 19(4):293-8, 2000
Markowitz RI et al: The spectrum of pulmonary infection in the immunocompromised child. Semin Roentgenol. 35(2):171-80, 2000
Donnelly LF: Maximizing the usefulness of imaging in children with community-acquired pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172(2):505-12, 1999
Katz DS et al: Radiology of pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 20(3):549-62, 1999
Donnelly LF et al: The yield of CT of children who have complicated pneumonia and noncontributory chest radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1627-31, 1998
Wahlgren H et al: Radiographic patterns and viral studies in childhood pneumonia at various ages. Pediatr Radiol. 25(8):627-30, 1995
Korppi M et al: Comparison of radiological findings and microbial aetiology of childhood pneumonia. Acta Paediatr. 82(4):360-3, 1993
Kirkpatrick JA: Pneumonia in children as it differs from adult pneumonia. Semin Roentgenol. 15(1):96-103, 1980
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Terminology varies, can be confusing
Bronchiolitis (per American Academy of Pediatrics): Viral lower respiratory tract infection in infants affecting small airways with inflammation, edema, & epithelial necrosis
Lower respiratory tract infection may describe findings identical to bronchiolitis in patients ≥ 2 years old but may also refer to any infection of lower airways & parenchyma
Viral pneumonia may refer to viral infection of lung parenchyma ± airways
Peribronchial pneumonia is sometimes used to differentiate airways infection from parenchymal involvement
Lower airways disease includes viral airways infection as well as asthma
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
General Features of Epidemic & Pandemic Pathogens
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Foust AM et al: Pediatric SARS, H1N1, MERS, EVALI, and now Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: what radiologists need to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 215(3):736-44, 2020
Koo HJ et al: Radiographic and CT features of viral pneumonia. Radiographics. 38(3):719-39, 2018
Niles D et al: Retrospective review of clinical and chest x-ray findings in children admitted to a community hospital for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 57(14):1686-92, 2018
Hilmes MA et al: Chest radiographic features of human metapneumovirus infection in pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol. 47(13):1745-50, 2017
Winant AJ et al: Current updates on pediatric pulmonary infections. Semin Roentgenol. 52(1):35-42, 2017
Jain S et al: Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N Engl J Med. 372(9):835-45, 2015
Rhedin S et al: Respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children: matched case-control study. Thorax. 70(9):847-53, 2015
Ralston SL et al: Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 134(5):e1474-502, 2014
Bradley JS et al: Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 53(7):617-30, 2011
Franquet T: Imaging of pulmonary viral pneumonia. Radiology. Jul;260(1):18-39, 2011
Ruuskanen O et al: Viral pneumonia. Lancet; 377(9773):1264-75, 2011
Yoo SY et al: H1N1 influenza infection in children: frequency, pattern, and outcome of chest radiographic abnormalities. Clin Radiol. 66(4):334-9, 2011
Bramson RT et al: Interpretation of chest radiographs in infants with cough and fever. Radiology. 236(1):22-9, 2005
Copley SJ: Application of computed tomography in childhood respiratory infections. Br Med Bull. 61:263-79, 2002
Kim EA et al: Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings. Radiographics. 22 Spec No:S137-49, 2002
Virkki R et al: Differentiation of bacterial and viral pneumonia in children. Thorax. 57(5):438-41, 2002
Donnelly LF: Practical issues concerning imaging of pulmonary infection in children. J Thorac Imaging. 16(4):238-50, 2001
Juven T et al: Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 19(4):293-8, 2000
Markowitz RI et al: The spectrum of pulmonary infection in the immunocompromised child. Semin Roentgenol. 35(2):171-80, 2000
Donnelly LF: Maximizing the usefulness of imaging in children with community-acquired pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172(2):505-12, 1999
Katz DS et al: Radiology of pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 20(3):549-62, 1999
Donnelly LF et al: The yield of CT of children who have complicated pneumonia and noncontributory chest radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1627-31, 1998
Wahlgren H et al: Radiographic patterns and viral studies in childhood pneumonia at various ages. Pediatr Radiol. 25(8):627-30, 1995
Korppi M et al: Comparison of radiological findings and microbial aetiology of childhood pneumonia. Acta Paediatr. 82(4):360-3, 1993
Kirkpatrick JA: Pneumonia in children as it differs from adult pneumonia. Semin Roentgenol. 15(1):96-103, 1980
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