Immobilization of true vocal cord by ipsilateral vagus (CNX) or recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Imaging Pitfalls
Selected References
Din-Lovinescu C et al: Adverse events following injection laryngoplasty: an analysis of the MAUDE database. Am J Otolaryngol. 42(6):103092, 2021
Ruda J et al: Multi-institutional evaluation of radiologic findings associated with pediatric congenital idiopathic bilateral vocal fold dysfunction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 164(6):1314-21, 2021
Salik I et al: Bilateral vocal cord paralysis. StatPearls, 2021
Williamson AJ et al: Unilateral vocal cord paralysis. StatPearls, 2021
Carneiro-Pla D et al: Impact of vocal cord ultrasonography on endocrine surgery practices. Surgery. 159(1): 58-63, 2016
Chen DW et al: Routine computed tomography in the evaluation of vocal fold movement impairment without an apparent cause. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152(2):308-13, 2015
Siu J et al: A comparison of outcomes in interventions for unilateral vocal fold paralysis: A systematic review. Laryngoscope. 126(7):1616-24, 2015
Kwong Y et al: Radiology of vocal cord palsy. Clin Radiol. 67(11):1108-14, 2012
Paquette CM et al: Unilateral vocal cord paralysis: a review of CT findings, mediastinal causes, and the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Radiographics. 32(3):721-40, 2012
Cernea CR et al: Recurrent laryngeal nerve: a plexus rather than a nerve? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 135(11):1098-102, 2009
Wear VV et al: Evaluating "eee" phonation in multidetector CT of the neck. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(6):1102-6, 2009
Kumar VA et al: CT assessment of vocal cord medialization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(8):1643-6, 2006
Ardito G et al: Revisited anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Am J Surg. 187(2):249-53, 2004
Myssiorek D: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: anatomy and etiology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 37(1):25-44, 2004
Richardson BE et al: Clinical evaluation of vocal fold paralysis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 37(1):45-58, 2004
Torkian BA et al: Granulomatous inflammation and nerve necrosis in a case of apparent idiopathic vocal fold paralysis: report of a case. Laryngoscope. 114(7):1271-5, 2004
Baron EM et al: Dysphagia, hoarseness, and unilateral true vocal fold motion impairment following anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 112(11):921-6, 2003
Chin SC et al: Using CT to localize side and level of vocal cord paralysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(4):1165-70, 2003
Schneider B et al: Concept for diagnosis and therapy of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following thoracic surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 51(6):327-31, 2003
Tilles SA: Vocal cord dysfunction in children and adolescents. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 3(6):467-72, 2003
Wessels T et al: Vocal cord palsy resulting from spontaneous carotid dissection. Laryngoscope. 113(3):537-40, 2003
Yeretsian RA et al: Teflon-induced granuloma: a false-positive finding with PET resolved with combined PET and CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1164-6, 2003
Zeitels SM et al: Laryngology and phonosurgery. N Engl J Med. 349(9):882-92, 2003
Hartl DM et al: [Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: current knowledge and treatment] Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac. 117(2):60-84, 2000
Hughes CA et al: Unilateral true vocal fold paralysis: cause of right-sided lesions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 122(5):678-80, 2000
Romo LV et al: Atrophy of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle as an indicator of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(3):467-71, 1999
Houpt M et al: Autopolymerized versus light-polymerized fissure sealant. J Am Dent Assoc. 115(1):55-6, 1987
Newman CN et al: Transcription spectra in E. coli growing rapidly or slowly. Experientia. 33(7):893-4, 1977
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Vocal cord paralysis (VCP)
Definitions
Immobilization of true vocal cord by ipsilateral vagus (CNX) or recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) dysfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Imaging Pitfalls
Selected References
Din-Lovinescu C et al: Adverse events following injection laryngoplasty: an analysis of the MAUDE database. Am J Otolaryngol. 42(6):103092, 2021
Ruda J et al: Multi-institutional evaluation of radiologic findings associated with pediatric congenital idiopathic bilateral vocal fold dysfunction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 164(6):1314-21, 2021
Salik I et al: Bilateral vocal cord paralysis. StatPearls, 2021
Williamson AJ et al: Unilateral vocal cord paralysis. StatPearls, 2021
Carneiro-Pla D et al: Impact of vocal cord ultrasonography on endocrine surgery practices. Surgery. 159(1): 58-63, 2016
Chen DW et al: Routine computed tomography in the evaluation of vocal fold movement impairment without an apparent cause. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152(2):308-13, 2015
Siu J et al: A comparison of outcomes in interventions for unilateral vocal fold paralysis: A systematic review. Laryngoscope. 126(7):1616-24, 2015
Kwong Y et al: Radiology of vocal cord palsy. Clin Radiol. 67(11):1108-14, 2012
Paquette CM et al: Unilateral vocal cord paralysis: a review of CT findings, mediastinal causes, and the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Radiographics. 32(3):721-40, 2012
Cernea CR et al: Recurrent laryngeal nerve: a plexus rather than a nerve? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 135(11):1098-102, 2009
Wear VV et al: Evaluating "eee" phonation in multidetector CT of the neck. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(6):1102-6, 2009
Kumar VA et al: CT assessment of vocal cord medialization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(8):1643-6, 2006
Ardito G et al: Revisited anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Am J Surg. 187(2):249-53, 2004
Myssiorek D: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: anatomy and etiology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 37(1):25-44, 2004
Richardson BE et al: Clinical evaluation of vocal fold paralysis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 37(1):45-58, 2004
Torkian BA et al: Granulomatous inflammation and nerve necrosis in a case of apparent idiopathic vocal fold paralysis: report of a case. Laryngoscope. 114(7):1271-5, 2004
Baron EM et al: Dysphagia, hoarseness, and unilateral true vocal fold motion impairment following anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 112(11):921-6, 2003
Chin SC et al: Using CT to localize side and level of vocal cord paralysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(4):1165-70, 2003
Schneider B et al: Concept for diagnosis and therapy of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis following thoracic surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 51(6):327-31, 2003
Tilles SA: Vocal cord dysfunction in children and adolescents. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 3(6):467-72, 2003
Wessels T et al: Vocal cord palsy resulting from spontaneous carotid dissection. Laryngoscope. 113(3):537-40, 2003
Yeretsian RA et al: Teflon-induced granuloma: a false-positive finding with PET resolved with combined PET and CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1164-6, 2003
Zeitels SM et al: Laryngology and phonosurgery. N Engl J Med. 349(9):882-92, 2003
Hartl DM et al: [Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: current knowledge and treatment] Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac. 117(2):60-84, 2000
Hughes CA et al: Unilateral true vocal fold paralysis: cause of right-sided lesions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 122(5):678-80, 2000
Romo LV et al: Atrophy of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle as an indicator of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(3):467-71, 1999
Houpt M et al: Autopolymerized versus light-polymerized fissure sealant. J Am Dent Assoc. 115(1):55-6, 1987
Newman CN et al: Transcription spectra in E. coli growing rapidly or slowly. Experientia. 33(7):893-4, 1977
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